Thomas R. Howell, "An Ecological Study of the Birds of the Lowland Pine Savanna and Adjacent Rain Forest in Northeastern Nicaragua," The Living Bird, Tenth Annual, 1971

FOLIAGE PROFILES, FOLIAGE HEIGHT DIVERSITY (FHD), AND BIRD SPECIES DIVERSITY (BSD) FOR PINE SAVANNA AREAS NOS. 1 AND 2 AND THE RAIN FOREST AREA

We made quantitative measurements of vegetation density in plots designated as Pine Savanna Area 1, Pine Savanna Area 2, and Rain Forest Area, and calculated the FHD for each. These plots were all close together in terms of absolute distance and elevation. I have located each in relation to Waspam, about 75 miles or 120 km northwest of Puerto Cabezas in the Comarca de El Cabo. All had the same elevation, 65m, except the Rain Forest Area which was 130m. The Grassland and Rain Forest Areas are the same distance from Waspam though not contiguous; both lie along a curved road, approximately 14 miles or 22 km south southwest of Waspam, with the difference in compass directions too slight for notation.